Peer-reviewed Research
Abdoli, A., & Mirzaian Ardakani, H. (2020). Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Metabolic Brain Disease, 35(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-019-00466-5
Bilbo, S. D., Wray, G. A., Perkins, S. E., & Parker, W. (2011). Reconstitution of the human biome as the most reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Medical Hypotheses, 77(4), 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.019
Fleming, J. O., & Weinstock, J. V. (2015). Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and results. Parasite Immunology, 37(6), 277–292. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25907344/
Graham-Rowe, D. (2011). Lifestyle: When allergies go west. Nature, 479(Suppl 7374), S2–S4. https://doi.org/10.1038/479S2a
Kelly, J. R., Minuto, C., Cryan, J. F., Clarke, G., & Dinan, T. G. (2017). Cross talk: The microbiota and neurodevelopmental disorders. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 490. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00490
Maizels, R. M. (2020). Regulation of immunity and allergy by helminth parasites. Allergy, 75(3), 524–534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31714643/
Parker, W. (2017). Biota alteration theory: A unifying proposal. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 47(5), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2017.03.001
Parker, W., & Ollerton, J. (2013). Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2013(1), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eot008
Rook, G. A. (2013). Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 110(46), 18360–18367. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24218556/
Shi, W., Xu, N., Wang, X., Vallée, I., Liu, M., & Liu, X. (2022). Helminth therapy for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: Current and future perspectives. Journal of Inflammation Research, 15, 475–491. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S348079
Smallwood, T. B., Giacomin, P. R., Loukas, A., Mulvenna, J. P., Clark, R. J., & Miles, J. J. (2017). Helminth immunomodulation in autoimmune disease. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 453. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00453
Thavagnanam, S., Fleming, J., Bromley, A., Shields, M. D., & Cardwell, C. R. (2008). A meta-analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 38(4), 629–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02939.x
Williamson, L. L., et al. (2016). Got worms? Perinatal exposure to helminths prevents persistent immune sensitization and cognitive dysfunction induced by early-life infection. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 51, 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.025
Educational & Informational Resources
Helminthic Therapy Wiki – Community-maintained reference of studies, protocols, and practitioner experiences.
Puckey, J. (2025). Hooked on Gut Health: The Truth About Autoimmune Disease and How to Heal. Jane Puckey.
Velasquez-Manoff, M. (2012). An Epidemic of Absence: A New Way of Understanding Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases. Scribner.